A window is an opening in a structure designed to allow transmission of ambient light and provide views. Functionally, it serves to modulate the exchange of energy, facilitating the transfer of visible light while simultaneously controlling thermal transfer. Modern glazing systems rely on material science, utilizing panes of solid or layered transparent materials, such as glass or specialized polymers. The physical properties of these materials dictate performance metrics like the U-factor (a measure of heat transfer rate) and solar heat gain coefficient. Advanced window technologies often incorporate inert gases between multiple panes or apply low-emissivity coatings to reflect radiant heat, thereby improving the energy efficiency of the structure by minimizing conductive and radiant heat loss.