Turbulence is a flow pattern in fluid dynamics characterized by irregular, chaotic, and unsteady motions within the fluid. Unlike laminar flow, where streamlines are smooth and parallel, turbulent flow involves the formation of eddies and vortices of varying sizes, resulting in significant mixing of the fluid. The transition from laminar to turbulent flow is often critical in engineering and natural processes, influencing phenomena ranging from heat transfer rates to aerodynamic drag on objects. The study of turbulence involves complex mathematical models and computational methods aimed at understanding energy dissipation, momentum transfer, and drag forces associated with highly unstable fluid movement.