A turbine is a mechanical device designed to extract energy from the flow of a fluid, such as steam, gas, water, or air. The physical principle involves converting the kinetic energy of the moving fluid into rotational energy. This rotational motion is subsequently utilized to drive external machinery, most commonly electrical generators, pumps, or compressors. Turbines are foundational components in various power generation systems, enabling the conversion of primary energy sources into usable mechanical or electrical power. Their efficiency and structural integrity depend heavily on advanced concepts in fluid dynamics and material science, allowing for energy capture across a vast range of industrial and natural applications.