Toxicology is the scientific discipline concerned with the adverse effects of chemical substances on living organisms. It investigates the mechanisms of poisoning and the processes by which biological systems metabolize and eliminate toxins. The field analyzes the relationship between dose and effect, a core principle used to assess potential hazards and determine thresholds for chemical exposure. Methods include the testing of various agents, the identification of target organs, and the evaluation of detoxification pathways within the body. Applied toxicology is crucial for public health, guiding the development of safety standards for industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and environmental contaminants, thereby contributing to risk assessment and hazard mitigation.