Tooth decay, medically known as dental caries, is a common, progressive disease characterized by the irreversible loss of tooth structure. It develops primarily when plaque biofilm, composed of various oral bacteria, metabolizes fermentable carbohydrates found in saliva and diet. This metabolic process yields acidic byproducts that lower the pH in the oral cavity, leading to the demineralization of the hard tissues of the teeth, specifically the enamel and underlying dentin. The acidity dissolves the mineral components of the tooth surface, creating microscopic lesions that, if untreated, penetrate deeper into the tooth structure, potentially leading to pulp infection. Prevention relies on maintaining oral hygiene and managing dietary intake, while management typically involves mechanical removal of decayed tissue and remineralization techniques.