Titanium dioxide ($\text{TiO}_2$) is a chemical compound renowned for its exceptional chemical stability, wide band gap, and strong white pigment properties. In its various crystalline forms, it functions primarily as a semiconductor material and highly effective opaque white pigment utilized widely in industrial manufacturing and consumer products. Due to its structural characteristics, it is frequently employed to provide UV absorption and filtration in coatings, plastics, and cosmetics, helping to shield materials and biological systems from harmful ultraviolet radiation. Furthermore, its semiconducting properties allow it to be used in photocatalysis, where it can react with light to generate reactive oxygen species, enabling degradation processes in environmental remediation and air purification technologies.