Thermohaline circulation is the global system of ocean currents driven by differences in seawater density, which are controlled by temperature (thermo) and salinity (haline). Since density increases as water gets colder and saltier, this process involves the sinking of cold, dense water masses into deeper layers of the ocean, a mechanism known as deep-water formation. These massive, slow-moving currents distribute heat and nutrients across the planet, influencing global climate patterns and forming major oceanic conveyor belts. The rate of this circulation is crucial to planetary climate stability, as changes in density stratification can significantly alter ocean chemistry and temperature regimes over geological timescales.