Textiles are composite materials created from spun, woven, or knitted fibers, representing a vast category of engineered materials used for clothing, construction, and industrial applications. These fibers can originate from natural sources, such as cellulose or protein polymers, or be manufactured synthetically from various chemical precursors. The process involves several key stages, including fiber preparation, yarn formation, and subsequent structural assembly (weaving or knitting). Modern textile science focuses heavily on developing functional textiles, which are engineered to exhibit specific properties such as thermal regulation, antimicrobial action, enhanced durability, or the integration of electronic components, allowing for diverse uses in medicine, aerospace, and environmental monitoring.