Steel is an iron-carbon alloy renowned for its exceptional strength, hardness, and durability, making it a foundational material in modern engineering and construction. Its physical properties can be precisely tailored by controlling the carbon content and incorporating various alloying elements such as chromium, nickel, and manganese. These additions modify the crystal structure and chemical makeup, allowing the material to be optimized for specific structural, mechanical, or chemical resistance requirements. Due to its high tensile strength and relative rigidity, it is widely utilized in the manufacture of buildings, bridges, machinery components, tools, and various transportation systems.