Spectroscopy is a collection of analytical techniques used to study the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation. These methods measure the absorption, emission, or scattering of radiation across various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, including radio waves, visible light, and ultraviolet and infrared ranges. By analyzing the wavelengths and intensities of the radiation that pass through or are emitted by a sample, scientists can determine the chemical composition, physical state, and molecular structure of the substance. Applications are extremely broad, ranging from elemental analysis in physical science to studying molecular conformations in biochemistry, providing essential data for identifying unknown materials and understanding chemical bonding.