Solid is one of the primary states of matter, characterized by a fixed volume and a defined shape due to the strong intermolecular forces acting between its constituent particles. At standard conditions, the atoms and molecules within a solid are held in fixed, ordered, or semi-ordered lattice arrangements, which minimizes the internal potential energy. The particles typically undergo only vibrational motion around their equilibrium positions, restricting the translational and rotational movement. Solids can be classified broadly based on their internal structure—ranging from crystalline materials, which exhibit long-range periodic order, to amorphous solids, which possess only short-range order. The transition between the solid state and liquid or gaseous states is governed by thermal energy, which must overcome these binding forces to increase particle kinetic energy and induce structural rearrangement.