A solar cell is a device that converts light energy directly into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect. This process relies on semiconductor materials, such as crystalline silicon, where the absorption of photons excites electrons, creating a current that can be harnessed. The efficiency of a solar cell is determined by the bandgap of the semiconductor material and the quality of the light spectrum incident upon it. When these cells are organized into an array, they form a solar panel capable of generating a usable direct current (DC) electricity. These technologies represent a key method for sustainable energy generation, reducing reliance on traditional power sources.