Soap is a cleansing agent that functions chemically as a salt derived from the hydrolysis of natural fats or oils, a process known as saponification. Its effectiveness is based on its amphiphilic molecular structure, meaning it possesses both hydrophilic (water-attracting) and hydrophobic (oil-attracting) ends. When soap is applied to surfaces, such as skin, the hydrophobic molecules interact with and emulsify various types of oils, dirt, and debris. These trapped substances are then enclosed within spherical structures called micelles. The hydrophilic ends of the soap molecule remain suspended in the water phase, allowing the captured impurities to be suspended and washed away, thereby facilitating physical cleaning.