Smallpox is a systemic viral disease caused by the variola virus. The disease is characterized by a highly contagious rash and fever, leading to the formation of pustules that typically evolve into scarring lesions. Historically, it has been one of the most devastating human pathogens, causing significant morbidity and mortality. Scientific understanding of the virus allowed for the development of preventative immunization methods, resulting in one of the most notable successes in public health history. The virus itself belongs to the *Orthopoxvirus* genus and presents a complex biological challenge due to its high infectivity and ability to cause severe systemic illness.