Sewage treatment is an essential public health and environmental process designed to remove contaminants from wastewater before discharge into natural water bodies. The treatment process typically involves several stages, starting with physical methods such as screening and grit removal to eliminate large solids and heavy inorganic material. Following this, primary treatment involves settling tanks that allow suspended solids to precipitate out, forming sludge. The most critical stage is secondary treatment, which relies on biological processes, utilizing diverse microbial communities to metabolize and remove dissolved organic pollutants. Advanced tertiary treatments may then be employed to polish the effluent, which can include chemical coagulation to remove nutrient compounds, filtration, or disinfection using ultraviolet light or chlorination to eliminate pathogens, ensuring the discharged water meets environmental safety standards.