Seismology is the scientific study of earthquakes and the propagation of elastic waves through the Earth. It involves measuring the seismic waves generated by sources of ground motion, such as fault ruptures, volcanic activity, or human industrial actions. By analyzing the characteristics of these waves—including their amplitude, frequency, and path—scientists can determine the depth, magnitude, and mechanism of the seismic event. Techniques utilize global networks of seismographs to map the Earth's internal structure, allowing for the delineation of tectonic plate boundaries, the detection of subsurface fluid movement, and the understanding of geophysical hazard assessment.