Sanitation encompasses the collection, treatment, and disposal of human waste, solid refuse, and wastewater to maintain public health and environmental safety. As a fundamental component of public health engineering, effective sanitation systems are designed to intercept pathogens and contaminants from sources that could otherwise enter the environment or potable water sources. These systems manage multiple waste streams, including septage, gray water, and solid waste, often requiring complex infrastructure involving sewage conveyance networks, treatment facilities, and controlled disposal methods. Proper sanitation practices are vital for mitigating the transmission of waterborne and fecal-oral diseases, thus supporting community well-being and the functional integrity of urban and rural environments.