Radiation is a form of energy transmitted through space, which can be electromagnetic (such as radio waves and gamma rays) or particulate (such as alpha and beta particles). The nature of radiation is determined by its frequency, wavelength, and the charge of the associated particles. Different types of radiation interact with matter in distinct ways; non-ionizing radiation generally imparts energy without stripping electrons, while ionizing radiation possesses sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and molecules, thereby creating charged ions. In biological systems, this energy transfer can cause damage to critical macromolecules, particularly DNA, through chemical alterations or bond breaking. Understanding these interactions is fundamental to assessing the potential for cellular damage and developing protective measures against environmental or technological energy fluxes.