Public health is the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting overall well-being through organized community efforts. It involves the study of health patterns in populations and the development of evidence-based interventions designed to mitigate risks and improve public health outcomes across communities. Core practices include epidemiology, which monitors disease occurrence and population health status, sanitation engineering, nutrition science, and preventative medicine. Efforts are focused on developing systemic strategies—such as improving infrastructure, ensuring clean water supplies, and promoting vaccination—to address determinants of health at the population level rather than treating illness on an individual basis.