Printing is a foundational technology involving the transfer of markings from an inked template onto a substrate material. This process relies on the differential adhesion or physical separation of ink, where the design elements are raised, recessed, or chemically altered relative to the surrounding unprinted surface. Various methods utilize different principles of transfer, including relief printing, where the image remains elevated; intaglio, where the image is incised below the surface; and planographic printing, which uses surface tension and chemical repulsion to achieve image transfer. The efficiency and resolution of the process are determined by the interactions between the ink's viscosity, the chemistry of the plate or mold, and the applied mechanical force.