Physics beyond the Standard Model refers to theoretical extensions of the current foundational framework of particle physics, which successfully describes the fundamental particles and forces (electromagnetic, weak, and strong) of nature, but notably excludes gravity. Such theories propose modifications or additions necessary to explain observed phenomena, such as the existence of dark matter, the nature of neutrino masses, or the theoretical unification of all fundamental forces. Leading candidate theories include supersymmetry, which posits that every known particle has a corresponding heavier partner particle, and models incorporating extra spatial dimensions. These extensions seek to achieve a comprehensive understanding of matter and energy at the deepest levels, guiding experimental efforts toward confirming or refuting fundamental assumptions about the universe's underlying structure.