Optical discs are optical data storage media that utilize the precise reflection and absorption of light, typically provided by lasers, to store digital information. These physical formats consist of multiple layers, often including reflective material and protective polycarbonate substrates, upon which data is recorded as microscopic pits and lands. The information retrieval process involves focusing a laser beam onto the disc surface, where the intensity of the reflected light is measured. Different generations of this technology have seen increases in storage density and decrease in required laser wavelength, allowing for the capacity to record larger volumes of data in a smaller physical area. Despite the development of newer solid-state technologies, optical discs remain significant due to their robustness, ease of use, and established infrastructure for mass data archiving and distribution.