Noise refers to unwanted or excessive sound, which is physically defined as pressure variations propagating through a medium. Acoustically, sound is a mechanical wave that requires a medium, such as air, and is characterized by parameters including frequency, which determines the pitch, and amplitude, which determines the loudness. The intensity of sound is typically measured in decibels (dB), a logarithmic scale used to quantify the ratio of power to reference power. Excess noise, or noise pollution, can have measurable physiological impacts, including stress responses, masking of quieter sounds, and potential hearing damage, making proper sound engineering and management critical in urban planning and industrial settings.