Neurons are the fundamental excitable cells of the nervous system, specialized for transmitting electrical and chemical signals. These cells communicate over gaps known as synapses, allowing information to pass from one neuron or to an effector cell. Functionally, they process and relay complex information by generating action potentials, which are rapid changes in the electrical potential across the cell membrane. Structurally, a typical neuron includes a cell body (soma), dendrites, which receive incoming signals, and an axon, which propagates signals to other cells. The efficiency of this cellular communication underpins all cognitive processes, sensory reception, and coordinated movement within multicellular organisms.