The Neogene Period is a major epoch of the Cenozoic Era in geological time, spanning approximately 23 to 2.6 million years ago. This era is fundamentally defined by significant global climate fluctuations, which facilitated substantial biological change and diversification across terrestrial ecosystems. The Neogene encompassed multiple stages, including the Oligocene, Miocene, and Pliocene, periods marked by the dramatic evolution of modern faunas and floras. These shifts contributed to the formation of many current global biomes and were instrumental in shaping the planet’s topographical and climatic systems.