Multiple sclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory, and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. The condition occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin sheath, the protective fatty layer surrounding nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord. This autoimmune response leads to impaired signal transmission, causing a range of symptoms that can affect movement, sensation, cognition, and vision. Damage to the myelin disrupts normal neural communication, leading to varied clinical presentations that can accumulate over time. Treatment strategies focus on managing symptoms, reducing the frequency of acute relapses, and slowing the progression of disability through various disease-modifying therapies.