Microorganisms encompass a vast array of life forms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and viruses, representing the most diverse domain of life on Earth. These entities are generally microscopic and are vital components of every global ecosystem, playing crucial roles in biogeochemical cycles such as the nitrogen and carbon cycles. They are responsible for the decomposition of organic matter, nutrient cycling, and the genesis of complex food webs. From ecological perspectives, they mediate interactions between other life forms and are essential for soil fertility and atmospheric composition. Beyond their environmental roles, these organisms are subjects of intense study in biomedical science, where they can participate in mutualistic relationships, cause disease, or serve as models for fundamental biochemical research.