Lyme disease is a multi-system infectious illness caused by spirochete bacteria, primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected arthropods. Diagnosis is typically based on a combination of clinical symptoms and laboratory testing. Initial stages of the infection often manifest with erythema migrans, a characteristic rash that expands concentrically. As the infection progresses, it can affect various bodily systems, leading to persistent fatigue, joint pain, and complications such as neurological or cardiac involvement. The etiology and epidemiology of the disease are tied to the distribution of the bacterial pathogen and its tick vectors, necessitating public health measures and prompt medical intervention to manage the systemic impact of the infection.