Liquid-crystal displays utilize liquid crystal materials to modulate the transmission and polarization of light, enabling the creation of visual images. These materials are composed of molecules that exhibit physical properties intermediate between those of conventional liquids and solid crystalline states. By applying an electric field, the molecular orientation within the liquid crystals can be precisely controlled, which alters the index of refraction and the polarization state of incident light. The arrangement of these liquid crystal layers, typically situated between polarizers, dictates which wavelengths of light are allowed to pass through or be absorbed. The varying levels of light transmission across an array of controlled subpixels allow the display to produce a wide spectrum of colors and brightness levels.