Herbal medicine involves the use of plant materials, or substances derived from them, for therapeutic purposes across various cultures. Historically, its application is based on empirical observation and traditional knowledge regarding the medicinal properties of various flora. Scientifically, the practice relies on phytochemistry, which identifies and isolates bioactive compounds—such as alkaloids, tannins, terpenes, and flavonoids—that contribute to the medicinal effect. Modern research seeks to understand the mechanisms of action of these compounds, determining whether they affect physiological systems by mimicking human metabolites, inhibiting enzymes, or acting as free radical scavengers. While some preparations are standardized extracts with quantifiable chemical compositions, others remain whole plant preparations, requiring careful study to ensure safety, assess potential drug interactions, and confirm efficacy.