Genetic engineering involves the direct manipulation of an organism's genome using molecular biology techniques. At its core, the process involves isolating specific segments of DNA, known as genes, and combining them with DNA from other sources to create recombinant DNA. Specialized biological tools, such as restriction enzymes and DNA ligases, are employed to cut and paste these genetic elements into a carrier molecule, or vector, commonly a type of plasmid. This vector is then introduced into a host organism, which replicates the desired new genetic material and produces the protein or functional substance encoded by the inserted gene. This technology allows for the modification of biological systems for research purposes or the production of specific therapeutic proteins.