Frost is a physical process involving the deposition of solid ice crystals directly from water vapor onto surfaces at temperatures below the freezing point of water. This phenomenon occurs when the air temperature drops low enough that the rate of cooling exceeds the saturation vapor pressure, leading to the immediate transition of gaseous water molecules into solid ice without passing through a liquid phase. In biological systems, the formation of frost can cause significant damage through several mechanisms, including the formation of sharp ice crystals that puncture cellular membranes and the rapid removal of free water from plant tissues. This combination of physical damage and desiccation stress can inhibit metabolic functions and lead to tissue death, a process collectively known as cold damage.