Forging is a mechanical shaping process used in material science and engineering to modify the physical properties of metals and alloys. It involves heating the material to a specific temperature and then subjecting it to localized compressive forces, typically through hammering, pressing, or rolling. This method forces the metal into the desired contour while simultaneously refining its internal crystalline structure. The application of pressure at elevated temperatures causes the material to flow plastically, eliminating internal stresses and resulting in components with improved mechanical strength, enhanced durability, and altered grain flow patterns compared to the as-cast or wrought states.