A forest is a terrestrial biome defined by a high density of trees and associated woody vegetation, representing a complex ecosystem that influences global biogeochemical cycles. Structurally, these biomes are characterized by multiple vertical layers—including the canopy, the understory, and the forest floor—each supporting distinct communities of flora and fauna. Ecologically, forests are vital reservoirs for biodiversity and play a critical role in the global carbon cycle, acting as significant carbon sinks that regulate atmospheric gas composition. The dense root systems and organic decay within the forest also maintain soil stability and regulate local hydrology, affecting regional rainfall patterns and nutrient cycling.