Filtration is a general scientific process involving the separation of suspended solids or dissolved components from a fluid medium based on differences in size, charge, or chemical properties. In physical science, it is often realized using porous media or specialized membranes that restrict passage to particles exceeding a defined pore size, thereby purifying liquids or gases. Biologically, filtration occurs in various organs, such as the kidneys, where plasma is processed to remove metabolic waste products and excess ions. Furthermore, cellular processes rely on selective permeability, where cell membranes regulate the passage of molecules, maintaining the necessary gradients and internal stability. Modern technology utilizes advanced membrane filtration systems across multiple industrial applications, including water purification, where effective separation is achieved through processes ranging from ultrafiltration to reverse osmosis.