Electron configuration describes the distribution of electrons of an atom into various atomic orbitals, which correspond to specific energy levels. These orbitals are categorized by principal quantum numbers, representing discrete energy shells and subshells. The arrangement dictates the chemical behavior and bonding capabilities of the atom, as the electrons in the outermost shell, known as valence electrons, are primarily responsible for chemical interactions. Understanding this structure is fundamental to predicting how elements will react with one another, as the stability of the configuration often drives the formation of chemical compounds.