Cosmic rays are high-energy particles originating from celestial sources beyond the solar system. They comprise a spectrum of matter and energy, primarily consisting of high-speed atomic nuclei, particularly protons, along with gamma rays and other electromagnetic radiation. These particles are generated by extreme astrophysical events, such as supernovae explosions and active galactic nuclei, which accelerate charged particles to immense energies. Upon reaching the inner solar system, most of the energy associated with cosmic rays is directed towards Earth's atmosphere, where they collide with atmospheric gases. These initial interactions trigger cascades of secondary particles, creating extensive air showers that are monitored by various detection methods and are essential for studying the composition and energy distribution of the universe's most powerful accelerators.