Color vision is the physiological process by which light wavelengths are interpreted by the nervous system as distinct colors. This process relies primarily on specialized photoreceptor cells, known as cones, located within the retina of the eye. Humans typically possess three types of cones, each containing different photopigments that are maximally sensitive to varying ranges of visible light—long (red), medium (green), and short (blue). The differential stimulation of these three cone types, alongside the complex processing within the visual pathways, allows for the perception of the continuous spectrum of visible color. Impairments in this system, such as color blindness, result from deficiencies in the cone function or the subsequent neural transmission of color signals.