Chromatography is a powerful analytical technique used to separate, identify, and quantify the components within a mixture. The fundamental principle involves distributing the mixture between two distinct phases: a stationary phase, which is fixed in place, and a mobile phase, which moves over or through the stationary phase. Different components within the mixture interact with these two phases to varying degrees, causing them to travel at different rates. This differential partitioning results in the physical separation of the mixture into its constituent parts. The technique is widely applied across biological, chemical, and environmental sciences for tasks such as purifying biomolecules, analyzing drug residues, separating pigments, and determining the composition of complex samples.