Character encoding is a technical standard defining how characters from human languages—including letters, punctuation, and symbols—are translated and represented as binary digits (bits) within digital computing systems. Since different languages utilize vast and diverse sets of characters, multiple encoding schemes have been developed throughout the history of computing to map specific combinations of bits to specific graphical characters. The necessity for global encoding standards arose to allow for the efficient storage and transmission of text from sources worldwide. Modern universal encoding approaches aim to provide a single, comprehensive framework that can reliably represent almost every character used in every written language, thereby ensuring interoperability and accurate data exchange across international digital systems.