Caves are subterranean geological features, typically formed through the dissolution of soluble bedrock, resulting in complex networks of passages and chambers. Geologically, their formation is driven by chemical weathering processes, which enlarge pre-existing fissures over immense spans of time, leading to characteristic karst topography. These enclosed environments support unique ecosystems, often hosting specialized, subterranean fauna known as troglobites, which have adapted to perpetual darkness and stable temperatures. Furthermore, the mineral-rich water dripping through these structures precipitates formations such as stalactites and stalagmites, which provide valuable scientific records of past climate and geological activity. The study of caves integrates principles from geology, biology, and geophysics, utilizing methods such as remote sensing and speleothem analysis to understand deep Earth processes and biological evolution.