Alcoholism, clinically defined as Alcohol Use Disorder, is a chronic brain disorder characterized by an impaired ability to reduce or control alcohol intake despite adverse consequences. The physiological basis involves neuroadaptations resulting from repeated ethanol exposure, which alters the function of neurotransmitter systems, particularly the GABAergic and glutamatergic pathways. Over time, the brain attempts to restore balance, leading to tolerance, where increasingly higher amounts of alcohol are necessary to achieve the original intoxicating effect. Continued use can impair executive function, memory, and mood regulation, establishing a powerful cycle of reward, craving, and dependency that fundamentally alters the neural circuits involved in impulse control and decision-making.